Sunday, 8 February 2026

10 Years with my Second Nissan Leaf

This week my 2016 Nissan Leaf had it's MOT, and is still going strong after 10 years.

That is actually my second Leaf. I had a 2013 first generation Leaf before that, but it was on a 3 year lease with no option to keep the car, otherwise I would probably still have that one. It looks to have been MOTed up to 2021, having covered 20,000 miles. It may have been exported, many were. If not, it's quite likely the drive train and/or batteries live on in other uses.

I wrote several posts about that car when new, one year on, three years on etc. It was quite unusual to be daily driving an EV 13 years ago. I have not written about it's replacement so far as it is just normal common sense these days.

I did try a few times to arrange to buy out the lease, but it wasn't an option.

Instead, I replaced that with a brand new 2016 Leaf with a 30 kWh battery instead of the 24 kWh of the 2013 version.

The new one is essentially the same car, with nicer wheels, a better stereo, a better heater, a 6.6 kW charger (all good) and a mechanical left foot parking break instead of the electronic parking break (less good).

It seemed to me a step backwards from a neat little electronically controlled lever to a clunky mechanical foot operated version, and a very lazy change. They removed the lever and just left the hole for no particular reason, just an oddly shaped small storage recess.

At the time I was still doing a 32 mile round trip commute every day, and plugging it in to charge at work and occasionally at home as required.

These days I work from home, so it is just doing lots of short local runs and it is doing great.

The MOT this week failed first time around due to the "Nearside Rear Service brake excessively fluctuating fluctuating through pedal".

The inboard breaks were actually fine, it was the brake discs all around that were corroded and causing that issue. They had been advisories for the last couple of years, but they were the original 10 years old parts, so about time they were done, and after that it passed the retest.

Living close to the sea (about 100 yards) is not the best for corroding brake discs, and the Leaf does not use them enough to keep them clean as most of the time the regenerative braking slows the cars by recharging the battery.

Slamming the brakes on uses the actual breaks (or switching into neutral whilst moving and applying the breaks), which is usually enough the clear off the worst of the rust.

That is the most I have spent on the car over the last ten years. New brakes this year, new tyres a couple of years ago and a new 12V battery a few years before that. A couple of wiper blades and some screen wash. That's about the total parts cost over 10 years ~ £1,000.

Economy

The dash shows the current average economy of 4.1 miles per kWh, that's quite efficient even as far as modern EVs go.

With the 30 kWh battery, that is a theoretical range of 123 miles. In practice it was more like 100-120 when new.

The battery state of health is displayed on the dash by the 12 thin bars around the right hand side of the range gauge on the right.

This year that finally dropped from 12 bars to 11 bars. I think that indicates the battery is down to 80-85% of it's original range. Not bad for 10 years and 10,000 miles.

That means the range these days is 80-100 miles, and that is never an issue with the short trips, just top it up when convenient at home a few times a month or at the supermarket or car parks when convenient.

I have only used the rapid charger a handful of times, I don't live life at a speed where that is necessary.

Rounding lots of things, 10,000 miles and 4 miles per kWh is 2,500 kWh total over 10 years.

Using today's prices of 26.75 pence per kWh, those 10,000 miles would have cost £668.75.

That is worse case, using the cheap rate over night, it drops to 7p per kWh, so £175.

In fact it is probably less than that, as I did not pay to charge at work in those days, so it may be as little as £100 for £10,000 miles.

Diesel Comparison

My good old VW Golf (which I traded in for the first leaf after 11 years) would do about 50 miles per gallon on a good day. The Golf looks to have been MOTed up to 2018, with 170,000 miles on the clock. (I doubt the fuel tank or 1.8TDI engine live on)

Using today's prices, 10,000 miles would be 200 gallons of diesel. 900 litres. Google tells me the supermarket average price this days is about £1.38 per litre (I wouldn't know, it's been 13 years since I had to buy diesel).

900 litres of diesel at £1.38 per litre is £1,242, so about double the worse case of the EV and seven times more than the best case (twelve times more if I take into account the free charging!).

I am sure I would have needed more than 1 set of tires and 1 set of brakes over 10 years with the golf. I think I went through at least 3 clutches.

Conclusion

I don't like the styling of the current range of Leafs, and Nissan seems to have dropped the ball to their competition in terms of the underlying technology as well.

I am very happy with my 2016 model. I also don't fancy all the bings and bongs of the mandatory speed warnings and lane keep assist etc. in modern cars.

Lots of real buttons to easily access all the functions, none of this digging through touch screen menus to turn the demist on.

The car is still going strong 10 years on, and I have no plans to change.

It always looks nice and shiny after the rain, and luckily we have no shortage of rain these days.

It still looks smart and drives like a breeze. Cheap to run in terms of parts and energy costs.

What's not to like?

I know I happen to be a good use case, and not everyone is, so please don't feel the need to tell me why you have to drive 300 miles each day without stopping more than 5 minutes.


Something else celebrating a 10 year anniversary is the VIC20 Penultimate Cartridge, in honour of which there is a limited edition reissue of the original 2016 version. (I wonder if Nissan would consider that?)

My Tindie store also contains all sort of kits, test gear and upgrades for the ZX80, ZX81, Jupiter ACE, and Commodore PET.


Patreon

You can support me via Patreon, and get access to advance previews of blog posts, and progress updates on new projects like the Mini PET II and Mini VIC and other behind the scenes updates. This also includes access to my Patreon only Discord server for even more regular updates.

Sunday, 1 February 2026

10 Years of the Penultimate Cartridge

This year, the Penultimate Cartridge turns 10 years old. A lot has changed over the years, let's have a bit of a look back at how it all started.

10 years ago this week, I published a blog post about the first Penultimate Cartridge.

Ah, the old logo, I haven't seen that for a while (thank you to WayBackMachine for archiving that).

Wait, what?

Yes, there were several revisions of clunky, hand made, Penultimate Cartridges from me, before the current slick TFW8b versions.

This is a bit like when you find "From Genesis to Revelation" and realise that "Trespass" wasn't actually their first album.

This was the first which actually had "Penultimate Cartridge" written on the PCB.

(I have gone back and tidied up a lot of the old posts I link here, made the pictures larger and fixed all the text alignments. I try to do that these days whenever I link to an old post. There is an archive of those links on my Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/collection/1750459)

I had posted about the previous version at the end of 2015.

I was calling that the "Penultimate Cartridge" in the post, but I had just written "vic20 rom/ram" on the PCB.

"More revision of that to come, on the way to 'the Penultimate Cartridge'. I've decided to call it that as every time there is a Final or Ultimate cartridges there seem to be quite a lot of versions that follow it. So I thought I'd be honest with the name on this one."

So, yes, I do know what the word "penultimate" means, no need to tell me in the comments like someone always does.

Menu Button

I had designed the board so it fitted into the shell from a standard VIC20 cartridge, with a bit at the back sticking out of a slot which they all have but is rarely used.

I think only the IEEE-488 cartridge actually used this, but maybe others.

In the second post, I had commented:

"It does make for a lot of DIP switches. This leads me to think it would be easier to come up with some sort of menu driven system which writes out to an I/O latch to set these options then reset the system. I suspect that will be the next stage of evolution."

I had been talking to this guy on the internet calling himself "Rod Hull". I have heard rumours that he does in fact have two real arms, although neither work particularly well at times.

Rod runs a business called "The Future Was 8 bit", and I had bought one of their SD2IEC drives previously and sent them some damaged VIC20 cases that had been victim to "wrap it in a bin liner and send via the cheapest courier" type ebay sellers.

Rod encouraged me to continue down the menu driven system route, and the first real Penultimate Cartridge was born

I prototyped that on a V2 PCB, and was soon ready to move to a PCB, V4 this time since I had used V3 on a bit of a dead-end.

A Wrong Turn

There was a V3, where I added an SD card reader (only took another further 9 years before we actually had that).

The idea at the time was to integrate an IEEE-488 adapter and a PET microSD (the predecessor of the SD2PET) onto the cartridge with the microSD slot on the bit of the PCB that sticks out.

Although the prototype was somewhat less integrated.

Neat idea, but the IEEE-488 interface needed a ROM in block 5, meaning you couldn't load a 32K game with it, so I gave up on that.

V4 Menu Drive Penultimate Cartridge

These V4 boards did not have any DIP switches, and had only a single menu button sticking out the back of the case.

Still fitting in a standard case and using the slot at the back.

Whilst I was continuing to develop the firmware, I had another revision of the board as I had moved the two big chips over the centre line, and some VIC20 cases have a central support which hit the top of the chips.

You can see that more clearly in the clear cases, is that clear?

The new revision had the chips moved away from the centre line and the word "menu" written in large, friendly letters at the top.

So there it was, the first menu driven Penultimate Cartridge.

I sold a few of them via PayPal "buy now" buttons on the blog post. Back in the day when international trade was cheap and easy, and actually encouraged.

The "buy now" button wasn't great as I had to have a drop down with one price for UK shipping, and another for international buyers, and of course everyone just clicked on the UK one as it was cheaper.

I also (briefly) sold these on ebay. I think I sold 5 and then someone in Italy claimed they didn't receive their cartridge and got a full refund from ebay, even though I had proof of postage etc.

Shortly afterwards, I got a support query from a user in Italy. Odd that, I had only ever sent one there and that one had allegedly not arrived.....

The refund on that wiped out the profit from all the cartridges I had sold so far. I don't think I have sold anything on ebay since.

These days, I sell via Tindie with various international shipping options automatically selected, and photos of the boards at a jaunty angle on my world famous, well battered desk.

The eagle eyed amongst you might have spotted the date codes on the chips in the photo above.


2025?

Yes, that is a freshly built V4.3 Penultimate Cartridge.

Why?

Well, that is the first in a limited edition, 10th anniversary reissue of the original design.

Why?

Well, I thought people might be interested in revisiting the earliest days of the Penultimate Cartridge, and completing their collection of Penultimate Cartridges.

Please note this is the 10 year old design, with the 10 year old firmware.

It has the following specifications:

  • Replica version 4.3 PCB
  • Original V4.3D firmware with no updates or bug fixes or extra features
  • Menu button to select ROM or RAM options
  • RAM expansion offering up to 35K RAM (selectable as 0K, 3K, 8K, 11K, 24K, 27K, 32K, 35K)
  • 39 ROM titles (see photos in the listing)
  • Autostart of text adventure ROMs
  • Boot to "*" or "FB20" from disk (not included)
  • Sockets for all ICs
  • Hand built and numbered

I can supply that in a clear TFW8b case if you want to show off your original Penultimate Cartridge, whilst also protecting it.

Speaking of which, back to the history lesson.

The Case

TFW8b liked the menu version and wanted to make it better.

It needed a case he said.

During one of many long, late-night phone calls planning this out, I took these photos of how we thought it might look.

Yes, that is two C64 cartridge cases sticking into the back of a VIC20 shell.

Remember at the time, there weren't any VIC20 cartridges cases with that design, they were all plain with one big label, which you couldn't read once it was inserted into the VIC20.

That was fine until you inserted it into the VIC20, and then you couldn't read what it was.

The Penultimate was to follow the size of the standard VIC20 cartridges, but with the lines and always-readable-label position of the C64 cartridges.

Rod then took an enormous gamble and commissioned the tooling to make proper injection moulded VIC20 cases, specifically for the Penultimate Cartridge.

The PCB was also rearranged by his PCB guy to fit the new case.

Gone was the bit sticking out the back, there were now proper buttons, one on each side. The left was the menu button as before, now illuminated, the right was now a reset button.

All in, with the tooling and the boards, that first run of Penultimate Cartridges cost TFW8b £26,000.

£26K in 2016 must be about $1M today.

That's a lot of green jelly.

Remember that before sending the "why doesn't it cost £1" or "can you just send me the files so I can make my own" type emails. Doing these things properly costs money.

We went through a few revisions getting the case to close perfectly, although the brown was a little chocolately, and we refer to these as the "Caramac" versions.

We finally managed to dial it in to something more like Rover P6 "Mexican Brown", with various different shades on the way there.

I don't think we consciously planned these as the "silver label" versions, although they did have silver labels, and we later moved to vinyl labels with colour on a white background......

The menu at this point was still my text version. Fast and functional, but not very pretty.

Controlled by pressing the keys highlighted in white or by joystick.

Those went into production, and did quite well, feedback was very positive but could it be improved?

TFW8b introduced me to Misfit, who had recently produced the excellent "Pentagorat" for the 32K expanded VIC20.

Misfit conjured up a demo of a graphical menu system which looked great, so I was able to merge that with my menu code and the Penultimate + was born.

This was a very slick product by now, with a new label, a sleeve, a larger ROM and the new graphical menu.

I kept refining the menu code, adding more and more titles, and working out ways to cram more into the space available.

But we kept running out of space, so the Penultimate +2 was born.

This had two ROM chips, double the capacity, and the menu program was redesigned so that it could load PRG files directly from ROM, rather than having to be converted with separate loaders as I had before. 

This also added the built in file browser to save having to go back to the root folder to load FB-20 each time.

And finally, we are up to date with the Penultimate +3.

This added an integrated SD2IEC, finally achieving what I had first tried 10 years ago with the IEEE-488 version. But being an SD2IEC wired to the IEC port, this was fully compatible, and didn't tie up block 5.

There is quite a difference inside, more than double the number of chips and a lot more complexity to support all the new features.

The +3 also boasts a built in DOS wedge and a turbo loader.

Now you could put games onto the SD card and load them pretty much as fast as if they were in ROM, answering the frequently asked question "can I add games to the penultimate cartridge"


Adverts

That latest all-singing, all-dancing version, the Penultimate +3 is available from

And the very much simpler 10th anniversary reissue of the original version is available here

My Tindie store also contains all sort of kits, test gear and upgrades for the ZX80, ZX81, Jupiter ACE, and Commodore PET.


Patreon

You can support me via Patreon, and get access to advance previews of blog posts, and progress updates on new projects like the Mini PET II and Mini VIC and other behind the scenes updates. This also includes access to my Patreon only Discord server for even more regular updates.